After the publication of the first edition of the NRM Handbook in 2004, the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) has issued an updated version to provide guidance to OSCE participating States on establishing and strengthening national referral mechanisms (NRM). The purpose of the updated NRM Handbook is to provide essential ‘know-how’ of the working methods, procedures and services required to fulfil NRMs objectives, centering all communications and actions on the protection of victims and the overall prevention of trafficking in human beings.